Posted: April 14, 2009 |
SAFENANO team completes global review of nanomaterial EHS research |
(Nanowerk News) EMERGNANO – the first global review of active research into the environment,
health and safety risks of nanotechnology has been published today by Defra, the UK
Government Department for Food & Rural Affairs.
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The review, led by the SAFENANO initiative at the Institute of Occupational Medicine
in Edinburgh, UK provides a unique identification and analysis of research carried out
worldwide on nanotechnology safety, including that relating to hazard, exposure, risk
assessment & regulation.
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EMERGNANO identified more than 670 projects from around the world, and after
careful selection assessed more than 260 unique, relevant projects completed, close
to completion or in progress since 2004. The final report provides a comprehensive
listing of projects, alongside detailed evaluation of their outputs. It also provides an
assessment of the extent to which these projects contribute towards meeting the 18
Research Objectives (ROs) for nanotechnology risks laid out by the UK
Nanotechnology Research Coordination Group (NRCG), and highlights the gaps still
remaining.
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SAFENANO Director Rob Aitken, who led the team appointed to produce
EMERGNANO, said "EMERGNANO was a huge undertaking carried out in a very
short timescale. It provides a snapshot of worldwide research in this area, both
completed and in progress, together with a unique evaluation of the contribution that
this research will make to the research objectives identified by Defra”
“In terms of numbers of studies identified, we found a widespread imbalance in the
work being carried out across the main thematic areas within the eighteen research
objectives,” Aitken continued “There are also large regional variations in the type of
study funded in different countries or economic areas, perhaps reflecting different
national priorities or capabilities. However, EMERGNANO represents the best
available picture of current strategic research”.
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EMERGNANO’s assessment reveals some important progress made across the four
main thematic areas of characterisation, exposure, toxicology and ecotoxicology
spanned by the 18 ROs. This includes:
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For characterisation and reference materials, identification of candidate
materials & minimum characterisation specifications for development of
reference nanoparticles for toxicological and other investigations is
underway. Some commercial reference materials are now beginning to
emerge.
For exposure assessment and control, recent research has conclusively
shown that filters, such as those used in respiratory protective
equipment and in air cleaning systems, are highly effective in removing
nanoparticles from the air.
For toxicology, lack of mass balance toxicokinetics for any nanoparticle and
the patchy nature of the published toxicokinetic data has proven a
severe impediment to identifying extra-pulmonary hazards. In addition,
testing to date has focussed on a very limited number of particle types
and sizes, making it impossible to know whether all NP behave in the
same way toxicokinetically, or whether (as seems more likely) a
structure activity relationship will emerge that highlights certain sizes
and surface chemistries as factors enhancing or limiting potential of any
nanoparticle to translocate or be toxic;
In ecotoxicology, work to date has improved understanding of kinetics of
nanoparticle uptake in invertebrate and vertebrate models, and has
related this to toxicity. In addition, recent studies which focus on
microbial organisms help to provide information on nanoparticle effects
at both an individual organism and greater community level.
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Completing such a wide-spanning appraisal of studies was not however without its
difficulties. “A disappointing aspect was that we were unable to identify significant
output from many of the studies identified, including some which had already been
completed” Aitken commented.
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In addition to mapping those projects identified against the 18 NRGC ROs,
EMERGNANO provided a prospective appraisal on new data which may trigger
further consideration of the need for regulation of nanomaterials; an assessment of
the possibility of a qualitative risk assessment; and consideration of whether there is
sufficient information to invoke the precautionary principle for one or more
nanomaterials.
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However the study found a lack of relevant data on which such judgements could be
made. “After assessing study quality and completeness, we did not identify a
sufficient body of evidence to make a qualitative risk assessment feasible for any
category of nanomaterial” Aitken added.
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EMERGNANO was undertaken by a multidisciplinary group of expert scientists,
chosen from leading research institutes in the UK and beyond, to ensure full
coverage of the scientific disciplines represented within the scope of nanotechnology
risk research. Institutes involved include: SAFENANO, Institute of Occupational
Medicine, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh University, Central Science
Laboratories, Cranfield University, University of Leeds & the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars. Recommendations made within the report were
also supported by a workshop and dialogue held to reach a consensus view about
the remaining gaps and future priorities.
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Whilst EMERGNANO highlights some of the key progress made to date within
nanotechnology risk research, it is clear nonetheless that major gaps in the
knowledge base still remain. “While incremental progress is being made in some
areas, the programme of research activity has yet to deliver step changes in the
knowledge base on these issues. Overall EMERGNANO highlights the need for a
more strategic co-ordinated research agenda to be developed, funded and
implemented” Aitken concluded.
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